Every outcome DoseRank ranks

Decrease sleep latency

Sleep Better

Time needed to fall asleep.

Improve sleep quality

Sleep Better

Overall restfulness and perceived quality of sleep.

Increase alertness

Sleep Better

Wakefulness and readiness to respond.

Increase sleep duration

Sleep Better

Total amount of sleep obtained.

Reduce insomnia

Sleep Better

Degree of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep.

Reduce night awakenings

Sleep Better

Frequency of waking during the night.

Increase energy

Boost Energy

Subjective sense of energy, drive, or liveliness.

Increase ketone levels

Boost Energy

Circulating ketone concentrations, relevant in fasting or ketogenic states.

Increase thermogenesis

Boost Energy

Heat production and metabolic energy expenditure.

Reduce fatigue

Boost Energy

Persistent tiredness, low stamina, or lack of energy.

Improve immune function

Immune Support

Ability of the immune system to respond appropriately.

Improve immune tolerance

Immune Support

Balanced immune regulation without excessive reactivity.

Improve vaccine response

Immune Support

Antibody or immune response after vaccination.

Improve zinc status

Immune Support

Biochemical sufficiency of zinc.

Normalize white blood cell count

Immune Support

Number of circulating immune cells.

Reduce autoimmune activity

Immune Support

Clinical or biomarker activity of autoimmune disease.

Reduce bad breath

Immune Support

Bad breath or unpleasant oral odor.

Reduce colds

Immune Support

Frequency of upper respiratory infections resembling the common cold.

Reduce infections

Immune Support

Overall rate of infectious illness.

Reduce respiratory infections

Immune Support

Frequency of respiratory tract infections.

Shorten colds

Immune Support

Length of cold episodes.

Shorten infections

Immune Support

Length of infectious illness episodes.

Improve mood

Calm & Mood

Overall emotional state.

Improve stress resilience

Calm & Mood

Ability to cope with or recover from stress.

Increase calmness and relaxation

Calm & Mood

Reduced tension and greater sense of calm.

Reduce agitation and restlessness

Calm & Mood

Undesired activation, jitteriness, or inner restlessness.

Reduce anxiety

Calm & Mood

Worry, tension, fear, or related anxiety manifestations.

Reduce burnout symptoms

Calm & Mood

Exhaustion, reduced resilience, and work-related strain.

Reduce depressive symptoms

Calm & Mood

Low mood, anhedonia, and related depressive features.

Reduce irritability

Calm & Mood

Low threshold for frustration or anger.

Reduce stress

Calm & Mood

Subjective experience of stress or overload.

Improve cognitive function

Focus & Memory

Overall thinking ability including memory, attention, and processing.

Improve focus and concentration

Focus & Memory

Ability to sustain and direct focus.

Improve memory

Focus & Memory

Ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.

Improve processing speed

Focus & Memory

Speed of performing cognitive tasks.

Improve reaction time

Focus & Memory

Speed of physical or cognitive response to a stimulus.

Improve vitamin B12 status

Focus & Memory

Biochemical sufficiency of cobalamin.

Reduce behavioral symptoms

Focus & Memory

Undesired behavioral disturbances such as agitation or impulsivity.

Reduce brain fog

Focus & Memory

Subjective cognitive slowing or reduced mental clarity.

Reduce headaches

Focus & Memory

Frequency or intensity of headaches.

Reduce migraines

Focus & Memory

Frequency, duration, or intensity of migraine episodes.

Reduce neuropathy symptoms

Focus & Memory

Pain, numbness, or dysfunction due to peripheral nerve problems.

Reduce withdrawal symptoms

Focus & Memory

Symptoms occurring after reduction or cessation of use.

Increase fat oxidation

Weight & Appetite

Use of fat as an energy source.

Increase resting metabolism

Weight & Appetite

Calories burned at rest; marker of basal metabolism.

Increase satiety

Weight & Appetite

Sense of fullness after eating.

Reduce visceral fat

Weight & Appetite

Deep abdominal fat associated with cardiometabolic risk.

Regulate appetite

Weight & Appetite

Desire to eat; may be clinically favorable or unfavorable depending on context.

Support healthy body weight

Weight & Appetite

Total body mass measured over time.

Improve bone turnover markers

Bones & Joints

Biochemical indicators of bone formation and resorption.

Improve calcium status

Bones & Joints

Adequacy of calcium availability or stores.

Improve joint function

Bones & Joints

Ability of joints to move and support normal activity.

Improve range of motion

Bones & Joints

Extent of achievable joint movement.

Increase bone density

Bones & Joints

Measure of bone strength and mineralization.

Increase muscle mass

Bones & Joints

Quantity of skeletal muscle tissue.

Increase muscle strength

Bones & Joints

Ability of muscles to generate force.

Increase skeletal muscle mass

Bones & Joints

Amount of muscle tissue relevant to strength and metabolism.

Reduce arthritis symptoms

Bones & Joints

Overall symptoms associated with inflammatory or degenerative joint disease.

Reduce back pain

Bones & Joints

Pain localized to the back.

Reduce fall risk

Bones & Joints

Likelihood of falling due to instability or weakness.

Reduce fracture risk

Bones & Joints

Likelihood of bone fracture.

Reduce joint pain

Bones & Joints

Pain arising from joints or periarticular tissues.

Reduce joint stiffness

Bones & Joints

Reduced ease of joint movement, especially after rest.

Reduce muscle cramps

Bones & Joints

Painful involuntary muscle contractions.

Reduce muscle weakness

Bones & Joints

Reduced ability to generate force.

Reduce sarcopenia

Bones & Joints

Presence of low muscle mass and function.

Support fracture healing

Bones & Joints

Speed and quality of bone repair after fracture.

Improve bowel regularity

Gut & Digestion

More normal and predictable bowel habit pattern.

Improve digestive comfort

Gut & Digestion

Subjective ease and comfort of digestion.

Improve gut barrier function

Gut & Digestion

Integrity and protective function of intestinal lining.

Improve gut microbiome composition

Gut & Digestion

Relative abundance of microbial taxa in the intestine.

Improve stool consistency

Gut & Digestion

Form or texture of stool.

Increase microbiome diversity

Gut & Digestion

Ecologic diversity of gut microbial communities.

Normalize stool frequency

Gut & Digestion

Number of bowel movements over time.

Reduce abdominal pain

Gut & Digestion

Pain arising from the abdomen or digestive tract.

Reduce bloating

Gut & Digestion

Abdominal fullness or distension.

Reduce diarrhea

Gut & Digestion

Loose or frequent stools.

Reduce digestive symptoms

Gut & Digestion

Overall severity of digestive symptoms.

Reduce gas and flatulence

Gut & Digestion

Excess intestinal gas symptoms.

Reduce gastrointestinal infections

Gut & Digestion

Frequency of infectious GI illnesses.

Reduce heartburn

Gut & Digestion

Reflux symptoms causing burning or discomfort.

Reduce IBD activity

Gut & Digestion

Clinical or biochemical activity of IBD.

Reduce IBS symptoms

Gut & Digestion

Symptom burden related to IBS-like complaints.

Reduce indigestion

Gut & Digestion

Upper abdominal discomfort related to digestion.

Reduce intestinal permeability

Gut & Digestion

Barrier integrity and leakiness of the gut lining.

Reduce malabsorption

Gut & Digestion

Impaired absorption of nutrients from the gut.

Reduce nausea

Gut & Digestion

Feeling of sickness or urge to vomit.

Reduce vomiting

Gut & Digestion

Forceful expulsion of stomach contents.

Relieve constipation

Gut & Digestion

Infrequent, difficult, or hard bowel movements.

Improve skin barrier function

Skin, Hair & Nails

Protective integrity of the outer skin barrier.

Improve skin elasticity

Skin, Hair & Nails

Ability of skin to stretch and recoil.

Improve skin hydration

Skin, Hair & Nails

Moisture content or hydration of the skin.

Improve wound healing

Skin, Hair & Nails

Speed and quality of tissue repair.

Increase hair growth or density

Skin, Hair & Nails

Increase or preservation of scalp or body hair.

Increase nail strength

Skin, Hair & Nails

Resistance of nails to splitting or breaking.

Reduce acne

Skin, Hair & Nails

Extent or intensity of acne lesions.

Reduce atopic dermatitis symptoms

Skin, Hair & Nails

Itching, rash, and inflammation related to eczema.

Reduce eczema

Skin, Hair & Nails

Overall clinical burden of eczema.

Reduce hair loss

Skin, Hair & Nails

Excess hair loss relative to normal cycling.

Reduce nail brittleness

Skin, Hair & Nails

Fragility or easy breakage of nails.

Reduce photosensitivity

Skin, Hair & Nails

Abnormal skin sensitivity to sunlight or light exposure.

Reduce psoriasis symptoms

Skin, Hair & Nails

Extent or severity of psoriatic skin disease.

Reduce skin aging signs

Skin, Hair & Nails

Visible features such as fine lines, wrinkles, or loss of firmness.

Reduce wrinkles

Skin, Hair & Nails

Degree of visible skin wrinkling.

Improve circulation

Heart & Metabolism

Blood flow to limbs and peripheral tissues.

Improve endothelial function

Heart & Metabolism

Ability of blood vessels to dilate and respond normally.

Improve essential fatty acid status

Heart & Metabolism

Adequacy of physiologically necessary fatty acids.

Improve glucose tolerance

Heart & Metabolism

Ability to handle a glucose load appropriately.

Improve insulin sensitivity

Heart & Metabolism

Efficiency of tissue response to insulin.

Improve microcirculation

Heart & Metabolism

Perfusion in small vessels and capillary beds.

Improve vascular function

Heart & Metabolism

Overall health and reactivity of the circulatory system.

Increase HDL cholesterol

Heart & Metabolism

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; higher is often preferred.

Increase nitric oxide availability

Heart & Metabolism

Availability of nitric oxide relevant to vascular function.

Lower after-meal blood sugar

Heart & Metabolism

Blood glucose after meals.

Lower blood pressure

Heart & Metabolism

Arterial pressure; direction of benefit depends on baseline status.

Lower fasting blood sugar

Heart & Metabolism

Blood glucose after fasting.

Lower fasting insulin

Heart & Metabolism

Baseline insulin concentration.

Lower HbA1c

Heart & Metabolism

Average blood glucose marker over prior months.

Lower homocysteine

Heart & Metabolism

Amino acid marker linked with vascular and methylation status.

Lower LDL cholesterol

Heart & Metabolism

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; lower is often preferred.

Lower lipoprotein(a)

Heart & Metabolism

Inherited lipid-related cardiovascular risk marker.

Lower resting heart rate

Heart & Metabolism

Baseline heart rate measured at rest.

Lower total cholesterol

Heart & Metabolism

Total circulating cholesterol concentration.

Lower triglycerides

Heart & Metabolism

Circulating triglyceride concentration.

Lower uric acid

Heart & Metabolism

Purine metabolism marker associated with gout and cardiometabolic risk.

Reduce advanced glycation end products

Heart & Metabolism

Markers of glycation-related tissue damage.

Reduce angina symptoms

Heart & Metabolism

Chest discomfort due to reduced cardiac blood flow.

Reduce arrhythmias

Heart & Metabolism

Abnormal heart rhythm episodes.

Reduce arterial stiffness

Heart & Metabolism

Reduced elasticity of arteries associated with cardiovascular risk.

Reduce cardiovascular side effects

Heart & Metabolism

Undesired cardiac or vascular side effect.

Reduce edema

Heart & Metabolism

Swelling due to excess fluid accumulation.

Reduce heart attack risk

Heart & Metabolism

Heart attack or acute coronary event.

Reduce insulin resistance

Heart & Metabolism

Reduced response to insulin associated with metabolic disease.

Reduce major cardiovascular events

Heart & Metabolism

Composite of serious cardiac outcomes such as heart attack, stroke, or death.

Reduce stroke risk

Heart & Metabolism

Cerebrovascular event causing neurologic injury.

Support healthy platelet function

Heart & Metabolism

Platelet activity relevant to clotting and bleeding.

Improve daily functioning

Performance & Recovery

Capacity to complete routine self-care activities independently.

Improve endurance

Performance & Recovery

Ability to maintain effort over a prolonged duration.

Improve exercise tolerance

Performance & Recovery

Ability to continue activity without unacceptable symptoms.

Improve strength performance

Performance & Recovery

Maximum or functional force production.

Increase lean body mass

Performance & Recovery

Non-fat body mass, often used as a marker of preserved musculature.

Increase power output

Performance & Recovery

Ability to generate force rapidly.

Increase VO2 max

Performance & Recovery

Maximum oxygen utilization during exercise.

Recover faster after exercise

Performance & Recovery

Return to baseline function after exertion.

Reduce exercise-related muscle damage

Performance & Recovery

Markers such as creatine kinase indicating exercise-related tissue stress.

Reduce muscle soreness after exercise

Performance & Recovery

Post-exercise muscle pain and stiffness.

Reduce perceived exertion

Performance & Recovery

Subjective difficulty of physical effort.

Improve erectile function

Sexual & Reproductive Health

Ability to achieve and maintain an erection.

Improve female fertility

Sexual & Reproductive Health

Ability to conceive through female reproductive capacity.

Improve male fertility

Sexual & Reproductive Health

Ability to achieve conception through male reproductive capacity.

Improve sexual function

Sexual & Reproductive Health

Overall sexual performance and satisfaction.

Improve sperm motility

Sexual & Reproductive Health

Ability of sperm to move effectively.

Increase chances of pregnancy

Sexual & Reproductive Health

Frequency of achieved pregnancies.

Increase libido

Sexual & Reproductive Health

Interest in sexual activity.

Increase sperm count

Sexual & Reproductive Health

Number of sperm in semen.

Support ovulation

Sexual & Reproductive Health

Occurrence and quality of ovulatory cycles.

Improve survival

Longevity & Healthy Aging

Length of survival during follow-up; higher is better.

Reduce risk of death

Longevity & Healthy Aging

Death from any cause; lowest-level hard clinical outcome.

Improve free T4

Hormone Balance

Circulating active thyroid hormone fraction.

Improve iodine status

Hormone Balance

Biochemical sufficiency of iodine.

Improve menstrual regularity

Hormone Balance

More predictable and regular menstrual cycles.

Improve thyroid function

Hormone Balance

Overall function of the thyroid axis.

Increase free testosterone

Hormone Balance

Biologically active unbound testosterone fraction.

Normalize cortisol

Hormone Balance

Stress-related glucocorticoid hormone level.

Normalize estradiol

Hormone Balance

Principal estrogen hormone concentration.

Normalize TSH

Hormone Balance

Pituitary hormone used to assess thyroid status.

Reduce PCOS symptoms

Hormone Balance

Clinical burden of polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms.

Support healthy testosterone

Hormone Balance

Primary androgen hormone concentration.

Increase antioxidant capacity

Inflammation & Antioxidants

Measured ability to counter oxidative stress.

Lower C-reactive protein

Inflammation & Antioxidants

Acute-phase inflammatory marker.

Reduce inflammation

Inflammation & Antioxidants

Laboratory measures of systemic or local inflammation.

Reduce oxidative stress

Inflammation & Antioxidants

Laboratory indicators of oxidative damage or redox imbalance.

Reduce swelling and inflammation

Inflammation & Antioxidants

Visible or symptomatic tissue inflammation.

Improve liver function

Liver & Detox

Overall biochemical or clinical hepatic performance.

Lower GGT

Liver & Detox

Marker of cholestasis, alcohol exposure, or hepatic stress.

Reduce allergic rhinitis symptoms

Allergy & Histamine

Nasal and eye symptoms related to seasonal or environmental allergy.

Reduce food sensitivity symptoms

Allergy & Histamine

Symptoms triggered by food-related immune reactions.

Improve asthma control

Breathing & Lungs

Degree to which asthma symptoms and exacerbations are minimized.

Reduce cough

Breathing & Lungs

Frequency or intensity of coughing.

Reduce respiratory symptoms

Breathing & Lungs

Overall severity of breathing-related symptoms.

Reduce sinus symptoms

Breathing & Lungs

Pressure, congestion, or pain related to sinus inflammation.

Shorten respiratory infections

Breathing & Lungs

Length of respiratory infection episodes.

Improve contrast sensitivity

Vision & Hearing

Ability to distinguish shades or low-contrast details.

Improve night vision

Vision & Hearing

Ability to see or adapt under low-light conditions.

Improve visual acuity

Vision & Hearing

Clarity or sharpness of vision.

Increase macular pigment density

Vision & Hearing

Retinal pigment measure sometimes used in lutein/zeaxanthin studies.

Reduce dry eye symptoms

Vision & Hearing

Irritation, burning, or dryness of the eyes.

Reduce tinnitus

Vision & Hearing

Loudness, distress, or impact of ringing in the ears.

Reduce vertigo

Vision & Hearing

False sensation of spinning or motion.

Improve lactation

Women's Health

Sufficient breast milk production or breastfeeding success.

Reduce hot flashes

Women's Health

Episodes of sudden heat sensation commonly related to menopause.

Reduce menopause symptoms

Women's Health

Burden of symptoms such as hot flashes and sleep disturbance.

Reduce menstrual cramps

Women's Health

Painful menstruation.

Reduce PMS symptoms

Women's Health

Burden of PMS-related mood or physical symptoms.

Reduce pregnancy complications

Women's Health

Adverse maternal or fetal events during pregnancy.

Correct nutrient deficiency

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Resolution of a documented vitamin, mineral, or nutrient deficiency.

Improve biotin status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of biotin.

Improve choline status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Adequacy of choline availability.

Improve copper status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of copper.

Improve folate status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of folate.

Improve magnesium status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of magnesium.

Improve niacin status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of vitamin B3.

Improve nutritional status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Overall adequacy of nutrient intake and body nutrient reserves.

Improve phosphate status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical phosphate balance.

Improve potassium status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Body potassium balance.

Improve riboflavin status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of vitamin B2.

Improve selenium status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of selenium.

Improve thiamine status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of vitamin B1.

Improve vitamin A status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of retinoids or carotenoid-derived vitamin A.

Improve vitamin B6 status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of pyridoxine-related compounds.

Improve vitamin C status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of ascorbic acid.

Improve vitamin D status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of vitamin D.

Improve vitamin E status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of tocopherols/tocotrienols.

Improve vitamin K status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Biochemical sufficiency of vitamin K.

Increase omega-3 index

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Red blood cell EPA+DHA content reflecting omega-3 status.

Normalize sodium status

Fill Nutrient Gaps

Body sodium balance.

Improve electrolyte balance

Kidney & Urinary

Physiologic balance of sodium, potassium, and related ions.

Improve kidney function

Kidney & Urinary

Overall renal filtration and excretory performance.

Improve urine ph

Kidney & Urinary

Acidity or alkalinity of urine.

Reduce albuminuria

Kidney & Urinary

Protein leakage into urine indicating kidney damage risk.

Reduce fluid retention

Kidney & Urinary

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues.

Reduce kidney stone risk

Kidney & Urinary

Likelihood of nephrolithiasis formation or recurrence.

Reduce nighttime urination

Kidney & Urinary

Waking at night to urinate.

Reduce urinary frequency

Kidney & Urinary

Needing to urinate more often than normal.

Reduce urinary symptoms

Kidney & Urinary

Symptoms involving urination or bladder discomfort.

Improve oral health

Teeth & Gums

Overall condition of the mouth, teeth, and gums.

Reduce gum inflammation and bleeding

Teeth & Gums

Gum irritation, swelling, or bleeding.

Reduce mouth ulcers

Teeth & Gums

Occurrence of aphthous or other oral ulcers.

Improve ferritin

Blood & Iron

Marker of iron stores.

Improve iron status

Blood & Iron

Overall iron sufficiency and availability.

Increase hemoglobin

Blood & Iron

Blood oxygen-carrying protein concentration.

Increase red blood cell count

Blood & Iron

Number of circulating red blood cells.

Normalize mean corpuscular volume

Blood & Iron

Average red blood cell size.

Reduce anemia

Blood & Iron

Presence of clinically meaningful low red cell mass or hemoglobin.

Reduce bleeding tendency

Blood & Iron

Excess susceptibility to bruising or bleeding.

Support healthy coagulation balance

Blood & Iron

Overall blood clotting tendency.

Lower ALT

Liver & Digestive Organs

Liver enzyme used to assess hepatocellular injury.

Lower AST

Liver & Digestive Organs

Enzyme used to assess liver and muscle injury.

Normalize alkaline phosphatase

Liver & Digestive Organs

Enzyme related to bile ducts, bone, and liver.

Reduce cholestasis

Liver & Digestive Organs

Impaired bile flow or bile obstruction.

Reduce liver fat

Liver & Digestive Organs

Excess fat accumulation in the liver.

Reduce liver injury risk

Liver & Digestive Organs

Clinically important harmful effect on the liver.

Reduce pain

Overall Vitality

Severity of pain regardless of body site.

Slow disease progression

Overall Vitality

Clinical worsening or advancement of an underlying condition.

Reduce eye strain

Vision & Hearing (Basic)

Visual fatigue or discomfort from eye use.

Slow cataract progression

Vision & Hearing (Basic)

Worsening of lens opacity over time.

Slow macular degeneration progression

Vision & Hearing (Basic)

Worsening retinal degeneration affecting central vision.

Reduce cancer risk

Cancer Support

Occurrence of new cancer diagnoses.

Slow precancerous lesion progression

Cancer Support

Worsening or advancement of premalignant lesions.

Slow tumor progression

Cancer Support

Growth or spread of benign or malignant neoplastic disease.

Improve tolerability

Safety & Side Effects

Overall ability to continue the intervention without unacceptable side effects.

Reduce risk of congenital anomalies

Safety & Side Effects

Structural or functional birth defect.